Anestesia regional dentro de los protocolos ERAS en artroplastia de cadera y rodilla: impacto en la recuperación funcional, el consumo de opioides y las complicaciones postoperatorias
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https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v12i3.1274Palabras clave:
anestesia regional, artroplastia de reemplazo de cadera, artroplastia de reemplazo de rodilla, recuperación mejorada después de la cirugía, dolor postoperatorioResumen
La artroplastia total de cadera y rodilla conlleva una recuperación prolongada, dolor intenso y riesgo de complicaciones, especialmente en pacientes mayores. Los protocolos ERAS (Recuperación Mejorada Tras Cirugía) han mejorado estos desenlaces al integrar cuidados multimodales perioperatorios. Sin embargo, la modalidad anestésica óptima dentro de ERAS sigue siendo debatida. La anestesia regional (AR), mediante bloqueos neuraxiales o periféricos, se ha propuesto como alternativa eficaz para controlar el dolor y reducir el uso de opioides. Esta revisión integradora crítica evaluó el papel de la AR dentro de ERAS, sus efectos sobre recuperación funcional temprana, dolor postoperatorio, complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria. Se identificaron 21 estudios (13 con datos cuantitativos, n=2100). La AR se asoció a menor dolor en las primeras 48 horas, reducción significativa en el consumo de opioides y menor incidencia de efectos adversos como náuseas y vómitos.También favoreció la movilización precoz sin comprometer la función motora, especialmente con técnicas motor-sparing. Aunque no se evidenciaron diferencias claras en mortalidad ni en recuperación funcional a mediano plazo, la AR mostró beneficios en estabilidad hemodinámica, menor sangrado y potencial reducción de complicaciones médicas. Los protocolos ERAS con AR redujeron consistentemente la estancia y los costos hospitalarios. Se identificaron brechas en la literatura, incluyendo resultados a largo plazo y coste-efectividad formal. La AR representa un componente esencial dentro del enfoque ERAS, facilitando una recuperación más rápida y segura.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Diana Marcela Hernández Muñoz, José Jaime Álvarez Hoyos, Juan Ignacio Torres Gómez, Verónica Lucía Castilla Reyes, Maximiliano Gañan Velasco

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.